Internal security

Definition


1. Internal security, or IS, is the act of keeping peace within the borders of a sovereign state, generally by upholding the national law and defending against internal security threats. Comes under MHA
2. Cyber Warfare: When any state initiates the use of internet based invisible force as a instrument of state policy to sabotage and espionage against another nation, it is called Cyber war
3. Cyber Crime: Use of cyber space i.e. computer, internet, cellphone, other technical devices, etc., to commit a crime by an individual or organised group is called cyber crime.


5. Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim.
6. Cyber security can be defined as the protection of systems, networks and data in cyber space from any form of unauthorized and malafide access to a personal computer, a laptop, a smartphone or a major network like the national banking system or the railway network or a national information technology asset that also has military implications.
7. What is the difference between insurgency, militancy and extremism?
• Purely from a definitional point of view, the Indian Sub Conventional Doctrine defines insurgency as “an organised armed struggle by a section of the population against the state, usually with foreign support. Possible causes of an insurgency including ideological, ethnic or linguistic differences; or politico-socio-economic reasons and/or fundamentalism and extremism. Interference by external forces may act as a catalyst to provide impetus to the movement.”


• Militancy is a condition which experiences the use of violence, being combative or predisposed to fight.  Militants can include any individual or group which takes to violence. This need not only include terrorists and insurgents, but also religious groups which take to violence to further their beliefs.


• Extremism is a state wherein a person or an organisation holds extreme political or religious views.  An extremist may not necessarily be committing a crime under law. A number of groups, political and religious, fall under this category, for instance, the separatists in Kashmir and Maoist supporters. 
8. Radicalization (or radicalisation) is a process by which an individual, or group comes to adopt increasingly extreme political, social, or religious ideals and aspirations that reject or undermine the status quo or undermine contemporary ideas and expressions of the nation.




Internal security issues in the country can broadly be categorized as follows:-
• Hinterland terrorism - International and domestic.
• Left Wing Extremism in certain areas.
• Jammu & Kashmir militancy and terrorism
• Cross border terrorism
• Insurgency in the North Eastern States.
• Organized crime and its nexus with terrorism
• Communalism
• Regional and inter-state dispute
• Border managemet
• Coastal security
• Cyber crime and cyber security




Jammu and Kashmir : Govt. adopted a multi-pronged approach
• contain cross border infiltration,
• Promote economic activity,
• provide relief to victims
• strengthen the State Government security apparatus.




Institutions to strengthen Internal security
1. National Investigation Agency (NIA)
2. The Multi Agency Center (MAC)
3. National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID)
4. Combating Financing of Terrorism Cell (CFT Cell)


Security of Holders of High Public Offices
Airport Security / Metro Security
Security of Religious Shrines / Places


Security Situation in J & K
The State of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K)has been affected by terrorist and secessionist violence, sponsored and supported from across the border, for more than two and half decades.










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Discuss the role of Information Technology in disaster prevention.

Introduction:

India  is  a  large  country  and  prone  to  a  number  of  natural  hazards. Among all the natural disasters that country   faces,   river   floods   are   the   most   frequent and often devastating. The shortfall in the rainfall causes droughts or drought like stimuli in various parts of the country. The country has faced some    severe    earthquakes    causing    widespread    damage   to   the   life   and   property.   India   has   a   coastline of about 8000 km which is prone to very severe  cyclonic  formations  in  the  Arabian  Sea  and  Bay  of  Bengal.  Another major problem faced by the   country   is   in   the   form   of   landslides   and   avalanches.

Body:

The role of Information Technology in disaster prevention:

GIS AND REMOTE SENSING:

• GIS provides  a  tool  for  effective  and  efficient  storage  and  manipulation  of  remotely  sensed  data  and  other  spatial  and  non-spatial  data  types  for  both  scientific  management  and  policy  oriented     
• This can    be    used    to    facilitate    measurement, mapping, monitoring and modelling of    variety    of    data    types    related    to    natural    phenomenon. 
• The specific  GIS  application  in  the  field  of  Risk  Assessment  are Hazard  Mapping  to  show earthquake, landslides, floods or fire hazards.
• Theses map  could  be  created  for  cities,  districts  or  even  for  the  entire  country  and  tropical  cyclone  Threat     Maps     are     used     by     meteorological     departments  to  improve  the  quality  of  the  tropical  storm  warning  services  and  quickly  communicate  the  risk  to  the  people  likely  to  get  affected  by  the  
• g.: GIS and Remote Sensing can be used for preparing seismic hazards  maps  in  order  to  assess  the  exact  nature of risks.
• GIS can  be  used  in  carrying  out  search  and  rescue  operations    in    a    more    effective    manner    by    identifying   areas   that   are   disasters   prone   and   zoning them accordingly to risk magnitudes

INTERNET

• In the present era of electronic communication, the internet provides a useful platform for disaster mitigation communications.
• Launching of  a  well  defined  web  site  is  a  very  cost-effective  means  of  making an intra-national and international presence felt.
• It provides a new and potentially revolutionary option for    the    rapid,    automatic,    and    global    dissemination of disaster information. A number of individuals  and  groups,  including  several  national  meteorological  services,  are  experimenting  with  the  Internet  for  real-time  dissemination  of  weather  observation,  forecasts,  satellite  and  other   
• In the    most    critical    phase    of    natural    disasters    electronic  communication  have  provided  the  most  effective  and  in  some  instances  perhaps  the  only  means of communication with the outside world.

WARNING AND FORECASTING SYSTEM

• An advance  system  of  forecasting,  monitoring  and  issuing  early  warnings  plays  the  most  significant  role  in  determining  whether  a  natural  hazard  will  assume  disastrous  proportions  or 
• Indian Metrological Department (IMD) provides  cyclone  warnings  from  the  Area Cyclone    Warning    Centres    (ACWCs)    It    has    developed  the  necessary  infrastructure  to  originate  and     disseminate     the     cyclone     warnings     at     appropriate  
• Seismological observations in the country are made through national  network  of  36  seismic  stations  operated  by  the  IMD,  which  is  the  nodal 
• Long term  drought  proofing  programmes  on  the  natural  resources  of  the  district  have  been  greatly  helped  by  the  use  of  satellite  data  obtained  by  National Remote Sensing Agency.
• The drought  assessment  is  based  on  a  comparative  evaluation  of  satellite  observed  green  vegetation  cover  (both  area  and  greenness) of a district in any specific time period by the National Agricultural Drought Assessment and Management    System    (NADAMS).
• Flood forecasts  and  warnings  are  issued  by  the  Central  Water  Commission  (CWC)  ,  Ministry  of  Water  Resources.  These are used for alerting the public and   for   taking   appropriate   measures   by   concerned   administrative   and   state   engineering   agencies     in     the     flood     hazard    

Conclusion:

Advancement    in    Information Technology in the form of Internet, GIS,   Remote   Sensing,   Satellite   communication,   etc.   can   help   a   great   deal   in   planning   and   implementation     of     hazards     reduction.     For     maximum   benefit,   new   technologies   for   public   communication  should  be  made  use  and  natural  disaster  mitigation  messages  should  be  conveyed  through   these   measures.

Rural tourism

Rural tourism

Introduction:

Rural tourism is, “experience oriented, the locations are sparsely populated, it is experience oriented, the locations are sparsely populated, it is pre-dominantly in natural environment, it meshes with and local events and is based on preservation of culture, heritage and tradition.”

Body:

Rural tourism contributing to rural development:

• Reduces migration:
• Alternative Way of Earning:
• Employment:
• Rural tourism creates a large number of semi-skilled jobs for the local population in not only local hotels and catering trades but also in other fields like transport, retailing, heritage interpretation etc.
• Moreover, it ensures revival of traditional arts, crafts, building art etc. and brings marketing opportunity for rural producers to sell their products directly to the tourists.
• Rural performers are hired for cultural programs where they can exhibit talent and also can earn money.
• It allows alternative sources of earning opportunities from non-agricultural sectors that improve living standards of the rural dwellers to some extent.
• Job Retention:
• Alternative Business Opportunities:
• Poverty Alleviation:
• Empowerment of Localities:
• Entrepreneurial scope:
• Arts and Crafts Sale:
• Environmental Improvement:
• Environmental improvements such as village paving and traffic regulation schemes, sewage and litter disposal can be assisted by tourism revenues and political pressures from tourism authorities.
• Heritage Preservation:
• Rural Tourism brings a strong sense of emotion in everyone’s (both community and tourists) mind to preserve and reserve the local culture and heritages to make any place attractive for the tourists to visit it and also for the host community to live in.
• Such sense is maintained through rural museums that play a significant role in local heritage preservation.

Way forward:

• Resources mapping brings to the fore what rural India has to offer to tourists.
• Traditionally Indian society is known for its hospitality; however some basic training on soft skills to engage the tourists will certainly be helpful.
• The education and awareness at community level will be very crucial for developing sustainable tourism practices in villages.
• Panchayats, NGOs and community organisations have an important role to play here by way of engaging both communities and tourists to promote responsible tourism.
• There is a need to develop the Accessibility, Accommodation, Attractions and Amenities (4A’s).
• Encouraging local entrepreneurs, private enterprises, investors and other tourism stakeholders to come under a common umbrella for basic rural infrastructure development activities is also essential.
• Better implementation of the Government schemes viz. Swadesh Darshan, PRASAD, Special Tourism Zones and Promotion of e-Tourist Visa facilities.
• Promotion of non-intrusive rural tourism with preservation of traditional cultures should be done.

MSME

Micro, Small & Medium enterprises (MSME)

MSME termed as “engine of growth“ for India, has played a prominent role in the development of the country in terms of creating employment opportunities.

• It currently employs 60 million people, creates 1.3 million jobs every year and produces more than 8000 quality products for the Indian and international markets.

• Startups and young firms create more jobs regardless of their size, and educated entrepreneurs have a far higher probability of success.

The challenges and concerns associated with the growth of MSME sector:

• Size of Sector:
• employment in India is concentrated in these micro businesses, whereas in developed countries, it is concentrated in formal small and medium-sized firms.
• new and young firms create more jobs than older, established firms.
• with age, Indian firms typically stagnate or decline in employment.
• productive jobs are created by firms that start out as formal.
• Access to Credit:
• According to Economic Survey (2017-18), MSME sector faces a major problem in terms of getting adequate credit for expansion of business activities.
• The Survey had pointed out that the MSME received only 17.4 per cent of the total credit outstanding.
• Most banks are reluctant to lend to MSMEs because from the perspective of bankers, inexperience of these enterprises, poor financials, lack of collaterals and infrastructure.
• Poor Infrastructure:
• With poor infrastructure, MSMEs’ production capacity is very low while production cost is very high.

• Access to modern Technology
• Poor access to markets
• Legal hurdles:
• Getting statutory clearances related to power, environment, labour are major hurdles.

• Constant crunch of skilled manpower

Other issues:

• Low ICT usage.
• Low market penetration.
• Quality assurance/certification.
• IPR related issues.
• Quality assurance/certification.
• Standardization of products and proper marketing channels to penetrate new markets.

Measures needed:

• The Government policies on micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) must become more nuanced.

• Educating the next generation
• To enhance the productivity of businesses and promote growth, the government should subsidise the provision of management support services—as industrial public goods—to young businesses.
• The government should also periodically update the definitions of MSMEs to bring them closer to international standards. 

Global Wealth Report 2019

Global Wealth Report 2019

Context: The Credit Suisse Group, a Switzerland-based multinational investment bank, has released the 10th edition of its annual Global Wealth Report.

Key findings:

1. China has overtaken the United States this year to become “the country with most people in the top 10% of global wealth distribution”.
2. Bottom half of wealth holders collectively accounted for less than 1% of total global wealth in mid-2019, while the richest 10% own 82% of global wealth and the top 1% alone own 45%.

India specific findings:

1. India remains one of the fastest wealth creators in the world, with household wealth in dollar terms growing faster than any other region.

2. Wealth per Indian adult is at $14,569 ( ₹10.31 lakh as on 21 October). However, the average number is skewed heavily by a few wealthy individuals.

3. India accounts for 2% of the world’s millionaires.

What are the drivers of the wealth of nations?

• Overall size of the population:  A country with a huge population
• reduces the wealth per adult. 
• creates more opportunities for economic growth and wealth creation.
• Country’s saving behaviour: A higher savings rate translates into higher wealth.
• General level of economic activity as represented by aggregate income, aggregate consumption or GDP:

Public Finance Management System (PFMS)

Public Finance Management System (PFMS)

• The PFMS is an end-to- end solution for processing payments, tracking, monitoring, accounting, reconciliation and reporting.
• It is administered by the Department of Expenditure.
• It is implemented by the Controller General of Accounts.

• It provides a financial management platform for all plan schemes

• The PFMS, also known as Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System (CPSMS), tracks fund disbursement and ensures that state treasuries are integrated with the Centre to ensure money is send as and when required.

• To link the financial networks of Central+State Governments+agencies of State Governments.

• Mandatory use of PFMS will help monitor the flow of funds to beneficiaries of different government welfare schemes.

• PFMS, administered by the Department of Expenditure

• functions under the Controller General of Accounts in the Ministry of Finance

• The scheme was included in 12th Planning Commission and Ministry of Finance. 

Advantages:

• The actual status of utilization of funds by the multiple implementing agencies can be known.
• Not be much paper work.
• Minimizes the cases of delay and pending payments to a large extent.
• Progress towards a Government wide Integrated Financial Management System (GIFMIS) – as a comprehensive Payment, Receipt and Accounting System.
• Capability of providing real time information on resource availability, flows and actual utilization has tremendous potential to improve programme/financial management, reduce the float in the financial systems by enabling ‘just in time’ releases.

Home Ministry directed to open Account

Context: The home ministry has directed all NGOs, business entities and individuals who receive funds from abroad to open accounts in any of the 32 designated banks, including one foreign, within a month for higher level of transparency.

Foreign contribution accounts in banks, which are integrated with the central government’s PFMS, came for providing a higher level of transparency and hassle-free reporting compliance.

IT systems of 7 north eastern states integrated with PFMS

Aim -To provide the Centre and State governments with a real time, reliable and meaningful management information system, the IT systems of all North Eastern States’ treasuries (namely, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Meghalaya, Sikkim, and Tripura) except Nagaland, have been integrated with PFMS.

Link of bank accounts of farmers with the PFMS portal

• Context: Under pressure from the Centre, the Punjab Food and Civil Supplies Department has directed all government procurement agencies to link the bank accounts of farmers with the PFMS portal before the procurement of paddy begins. This has angered the arhatiyas (commission agents), a large number of whom want the government to roll back its decision.

CENSUS 2011

• 15th Census of India and 7th census of Independent India.
• The slogan of census 2011 was ‘Our Census, Our future’.
• C. Chandramouli was the Census Commissioner of India 2011.

• Census of India 2011 was conducted in two stages:
• House listing & Housing Census: (April to September 2010) - Involved collection of information about all buildings and also Information for National Population Register(NPR)
• Population Enumeration: (9th to 28 February 2011).

• Census has been conducted in India since 1872 and 2011 marks the first time biometric information was collected. 
• Information on castes was included in the census i.e. SECC 2011
• There is only one instance of a caste-count in post-independence India. It was conducted in Kerala in 1968 by the Communist government under E M S Namboodiripad to assess the social and economic backwardness of various lower castes. The census was termed Socio-Economic Survey of 1968 and the results were published in the Gazetteer of Kerala, 1971

Topic	2001	2011
Population	X	X + 181 million = 1210.19 Million Male - 51.54% Female - 48.46%
Most Populous State		UP>Maharashtra>Bihar>WB>Andhra
Least Populous State		Lakshadweep>D&D>Dadra & Nag.Hav. > A&N> Sikkim
Density Of Population	Total - 325	Total - 382 Highest - Delhi (11297) Lowest - Arunachal Pradesh (17)
Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males)	Total - 933 Child - 927	Total - 940 Highest(state) - Kerala (1084) Lowest(UT) - Daman & Diu (618) Child (0-6 years) - 914 Highest Child (0-6 years) - Mizoram (971) Lowest Child (0-6 years) - Haryana (830)
Literacy Rate	Total - 65% Male - 75% Female - 53.6%	Total - 74% Male - 82.14% Female - 65.46% Highest state - Kerala (93.11 %) Lowest state - Bihar (63.82%)
Most populous District of India		Thane
Religious Population		Hindu>Muslim>Christian>Sikh>Buddhist>Jaina
Rural Population		Highest - UP Lowest - Lakshadweep Lowest in state - Sikkim
Urban Population		Highest - Maharashtra Lowest - Lakshadweep Lowest in state - Sikkim
Decadal Growth %		Lowest - Nagaland (-0.5) Highest - Dadar and Nagar  Haveli (55.5%)
Area		Lowest - Lakshadweep (32km2) Highest - Rajasthan ( 3.42 Thousand km2)

Literacy

Any one >7 who can read and write in any language with an ability to understand was considered a literate. In censuses before 1991, children below the age 5 were treated as illiterates. The literacy rate taking the entire population into account is termed as "crude literacy rate", and taking the population from age 7 and above into account is termed as "effective literacy rate".

2001-2011 is the first decade (with the exception of 1911- 1921) which has actually added lesser population compared to the previous decade.

Three major States (J&K, Bihar & Gujarat) have shown decline in Sex Ratio as compared to Census 2001.